dcsimg Exhibition Resources The Bias Inside Us
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Exhibition Resources

The scientific research materials shown below formed the basis for what is discussed in the exhibition.

Outsmarting Human Minds

Harvard University

A Project at Harvard University (OHM) is a media series that explores the quirks and blindspots of the mind using insights from psychological science

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Gender in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: Issues, Causes, Solutions

Tessa E.S. Charlesworth and Mahzarin R. Banaji | Journal of Neuroscience 11 September 2019

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Ambient Belonging: How Stereotypical Cues Impact Gender Participation in Computer Science

Sapna Cheryan, University of Washington; Victoria C. Plaut, University of Georgia; Paul G. Davies, University of British Columbia, Okanagan; Claude M. Steele, Stanford University | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology © 2009 American Psychological Association 2009, Vol. 97, No. 6, 1045–1060

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National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement

Nosek et al., 2009, PNAS

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Racial disparities in school-based disciplinary actions are associated with county-level rates of racial bias

Travis Riddle and Stacey Sinclair | PNAS April 23, 2019 116 (17) 8255-8260; first published April 2, 2019

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The School-to-Prison Pipeline:  Policies and practices that favor incarceration over education do us all a grave injustice

Marilyn Elias | Teaching Tolerance Magazine ISSUE 43, SPRING 2013

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Understanding Implicit Bias: What Educators Should Know

Cheryl Staats | American Educator, Vol. 39, No. 4, Winter 20

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Accessible overview of social categories

Liberman, Z., Woodward, A. L., & Kinzler, K. D. | (2017) The Origins of Social Categorization. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(7), 556–568

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Language-based biases

Kinzler, K. D., Shutts, K., DeJesus, J., & Spelke, E. S. | (2009) Accent Trumps Race in Guiding Children’s Social Preferences. Social Cognition, 27(4), 623–634

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The native language of social cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Kinzler, K. D., Dupoux, E., & Spelke, E. S. | (2007) 104(30), 12577–12580

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Out-group "hate" arrives around age 6

Buttelmann, D., & Böhm, R. | (2014) The Ontogeny of the Motivation That Underlies In-Group Bias. Psychological Science, 25(4), 921–927

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Additional research about bias that are not represented in the exhibition

Courtesy of Harvard University Department of Psychology

Ageism

Negative perceptions of aging are widespread: Levy, B. R., & Banaji, M. R. (2002). Implicit Ageism. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice against Older Persons. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Retrieved from

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Negative perceptions of aging have profound personal consequences. People who have positive perceptions of aging live 7.5 years longer than those with negative perceptions of aging, revealing how powerful the internalized stigmas can be! Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity Increased by Positive Self- Perceptions of Aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology83(2), 261–270.

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Persons with physical disabilities

Negative implicit bias against physical disability: Dovidio, J. F., Pagotto, L., & Hebl, M. R. (2011). Implicit attitudes and discrimination against people with physical disabilities. In Disability and Aging Discrimination: Perspectives in Law and Psychology (pp. 157–183).

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Stereotypes typically focus on incompetence: Rohmer, O., & Louvet, E. (2016). Implicit stereotyping against people with disability. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations21(1), 127–140.

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Socioeconomic Differences

Typically, people in poverty are seen with "mixed" stereotypes of being "warm" but also incompetent/weak: Fiske, S. T. (2018). Stereotype Content: Warmth and Competence Endure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1–7.

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Children from 3 years of age associate White with wealth (and Black people with poverty), indicating an early understanding of the racial stereotypes of wealth: Olson, K. R., Shutts, K., Kinzler, K. D., & Weisman, K. G. (2012). Children Associate Racial Groups With Wealth: Evidence From South Africa. Child Development83(6), 1884–1899.

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Black children at 7-11 years of age who show a preference for wealth also show an implicit preference for White (i.e., for their outgroup): Newheiser, A. K., & Olson, K. R. (2012). White and Black American children’s implicit intergroup bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology48(1), 264–270.

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There is also a strong implicit rich-good/poor-bad attitude throughout the US (in fact, it's stronger than biases about ability, body weight, age, race, etc.): Nosek, B. A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General134(4), 565–584.

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